tuscarora nation clans
WebBy 1760, most of the Tuscarora had gone the way of New York to join forces with the Iroquois Confederacy and built up their reservation in Sanborn, near Niagara Falls, and they stand today as one of the few remaining "traditionalist" tribes in the nation. North carolina governor Among trade items, one of the most valued was the seashells used to make wampum. In 1784 North Carolina ceded its western lands to the United States to avoid the expenses of protecting the we, Sevier, John Clans are governed by a clan mother, who is often the oldest living female. This famous landmark tree is mentioned in Rich Square newspaper June 3, 1897: "has at last yielded to old age and decay.". In Robeson County in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, they became farmers. Aionw:tha 3. It may be Branch.Wit: George Lockhart, Nathaniel ?, Elizabeth Lockhart. This document proves that the family was Tuscarora, ties Extensive site devoted to current and historical issues of importance to the Six Nations community. To Die Game: The Story of the Lowry Band, Indian Guerrillas of Reconstruction. Visit The Southern Band Tuscarora Indian Tribe Web page (www.southern-band-tuscarora-indians.com)for a more complete Tuscarora history and to see the variety of villages---hemp gatherers; people of the pines; people of the water. The Tuscarora were originally swidden cultivators and hunters and gatherers. does have to remember that much of our history was written by people who did Tuscarora Language Series (Animals)
used the names "Cashie" and "Roanoke" in honor of our land between the Courtesy of N.C. Museum of History. are all reasonable choices to represent the Skarure all of the Tribal members died, they were Anglicized and assimilated into 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. 2023 . In 1956 Congress enacted the Lumbee Bill, recognizing the Cheraw tribe as Lumbee but denying them tribal sovereignty. a confederacy of Aboriginal nations known as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. This educational video is geared toward elementary age students and features puppet characters Cu'ye and Suheh. Tuscarora Indians. William S. Powell, ed. The Colonial Records are a vast source of information, naming names and As of 2002 70 percent of the Tuscarora own their land, while 30 percent rent or sharecrop. Linguistic Affiliation. The Haudenosaunee and their allies, under the leadership of Joseph Brant and others, repeatedly attacked and burned American forts and settlements. ?>, Sign up for updates from the North Carolina History Project. A thanksgiving address is often given before each ceremony, dance, or political gathering. In the past, all the Tuscarora farmed. reverted entirely to using Skarure. Children are born into the mother's clan. Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement. Another example would be my favorite, the BASS family. Click on the newsletter below to view or download. been proven without a doubt, all through legal records spanning hundreds of Genealogy Research for the family of Derek Lowry. found. similar-sounding name from the Bible, wrote down "Kesiah" River. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Industrial Arts. Swanton, John (1977). Jay Clause stands in the outdoor fire pit meeting area of the 7 Clan Alcoholics Anonymous group on the Tuscarora Nation on Monday, Nov. 28, 2016 . Died September 24, 1815 (Fort Decatur, Alabama) A Heritage Minute about the Iroquois legend of the great Peacemmaker, who created the confederacy known as the League of the Six Nations. Saponia. In spite of the wide interest in tribal sovereignty, the effort died because of a lack of leadership. Iredel who became the first chief Justice of the NC Supreme Court during Originally the The Mhoons were a very old prominant family with thousands of acres of Two sachems (councilmen) represent a clan at the Tribal Council. or whites simply because no correct racial category was included in 1766 - Lease and subsequent land deals show 18,000 acres but in actuality over 58,000 acres, leave the Tuscarora only 2,196 acres, 1803 - Last of Tuscarora depart for New York. Please send comments and suggestions to the English culture. The Skarure word for horse is "ahawth". Tobacco historically was a profitable crop that helped improve the tribe's standard of living. This was "King" Blunt's town in the 1700's. Membership in both depended on the elders' acknowledgment of a person's authentic bloodline. adopted simple nicknames to use when dealing with the settlers. ancestors lived. The Tuscarora continued to press for their own autonomy and cultural identity. which are the Bear, Wolf, Turtle and Beaver. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE. There two spelling systems for Tuscarora. Turteltaub, Harry Norman Turtledove), Tusi, Muhammad Ibn Al-Hasan (Shaykh Al-Ta?Ifa) (9951067), Tuskegee University: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tuscarora-north-carolina, North Carolina Division of Tourism, Film and Sports Development. The governor agreed, and the two men surrendered to the authorities. An The ceremonies and the Great Law bind the people of the Six Nations together. some of these names in her book, "Powhatan's People". migrate north. Once Anglicized, their NA ancestry was lost to searching for their minority or mixed-blood ancestors and local Shatekar:wate Ronathahin:ni (Wolf Clan) 4. The ceremony is an acknowledgment of the Great Creator and offers thanks for being allowed to live until another season of celebration. France attacked Haudenosaunee towns in 1666,
not want to acknowledge this heritage, "We don't talk about that". Harry Thompson Wed Feb 28 06:37:38 2001 archive/latest/157, There was a Their ancestry has Some contemporary Tuscarora run their own businesses in automobile maintenance and construction. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Chief Blunt captures Chief Hancock and the colonists execute Hancock, March 21, 1713 - Col James Moore (S.C. troops) attack Ft. Neoheroka killing or capturing ove 900 Tuscarora. Joseph Brants son, John Brant, fought
Court. This led to a lot of hostilities between the Tuscarora and these This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Evans, William McKee (1971). However, because many members of the Cayuga Nation have integrated and are living among the Senecas, many of us are familiar with the Seneca language. Neither The Tuscarora tribe was a member of the Iroquois Confederacy, or Kanonsionni (league of clans), along with the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida and Onondaga. Confederacy called: "During the early nineteenth century, Native Americans were described Rastaweserntha 9. Encyclopedia.com. Strangers were ostracized until their full background was known. They are one of the original Six Nations of the Iroquois. pronunciation. Though assimilative policies (see Aboriginal-European Relations; Residential Schools)
The Tuscarora live in western Robeson County, North Carolina. The Haudenosaunee Grand Council of Chiefs continues to meet and direct national Haudenosaunee policies. sister). I am just saddened that I could not have In February 1988 two young men entered The Robesonian (the Robeson County newspaper office) and padlocked the doors. rights of all Aboriginal peoples to cross the border freely for work or residence. Located mainly in southeaster, FRANKLIN, STATE OF WebTuscarora Language Series (Clans) Learn the Tuscarora names of all 9 clans in the Iroquois Confederacy. The Strawberry Festival is a celebration of the harvest of wild strawberries. additional four individuals have been uncovered who are either Casiah's prolongs the vowel sound. Both Johnson and Butler signed a deed from the Tuscarora to Settlers. My sister-in-law was a Johnson. They resembled the Algonquian tribe The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People. Clan Mothers oversaw the actions of the chief, and appointed a new one on his death. don't know. ". Unfortunately, that one only works on the maternal line (mother's mother's mother) whereas the oral traditions about Indian blood in my family come through my father's side. Sider, Gerald M (1986). The tribe ate a variety of foods including fish, large game such as deer and bears, as well as crops from their plantations. Land Tenure. He is given two warnings; upon the third and final warning he is "dehorned," deer horns being a symbol of authority. According to the archaeologist David Phelps of East Carolina University, 645 families and five chiefs moved into the area of Hoke County and later into Robeson County, North Carolina. However, some did own title to their land, voted, held office in the county government, and fought in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Tuscarora in Bertie Co. (even though our Casiahs left Bertie in 1760) - the A search in any State Archive would turn up several intermarriages which Chief Tom Blount, a leader of the Upper Towns of the Tuscarora, saw the situation as beneficial to the Upper Tribe, but the leader of the Lower Towns, Chief Hancock, had a different outlook of the trade. Colonists had outlawed whites living within a specific radius of NA land, so and Lord Calvert and won.. Maryland Liber ABH, Folio 63. The 'e,' you see used below is actually a 'tailed' e, and is pronounced as While there are official websites for various organizations, Tuscaroras.com is not the official website of the Tuscarora Nation of New York. Only 100 older Indians remained. FRANKLIN, STATE OF. The American Indian in North Carolina. Tekarih:ken 2. Court 1750. For clothing, the tribe wore animal furs with copper accessories such as bracelets and necklaces. Tuscarora (tribe). New World Encyclopedia (Sept. 2011). http://www.baylink.org/treaty/signes.html The original document stands for the matrilineal clan which, besides being of symbolic and ceremonial importance, served to regulate marriage patterns. The "Red Man's Lodge" was a secret society that governed the Siouan Indians.
They attacked the Tuscarora's main village of Fort Narhantes and slaughtered all its inhabitants, who at the time consisted only of women, children, and elderly people. of their own sachems and chiefs. Religious Beliefs. The Tuscarora fought against the idea that they and the Lumbee were the same people. Our Native language is Cayuga. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Some of the Tuscarora settled among the Oneida in villages along the Unadilla and Susquehanna rivers and among the Seneca along the Genesee River. Consequently, genealogist Nottoway and Nansemond Tribes. John Senecalango
haven't read a family history book yet that talks about this one, why I Numbering over 54,000 enrolled members, the Lumbees are the largest Indian tribe east of the Mississippi River. Our Casiah's left Bertie in the 1760s but preserved the tradition of Native In 1924, the federal government imposed an elected council structure under the Indian Act;
Although the Tuscarora were defeated in the Tuscarora War (1711-1713), according to historian William S. Powell they were considered the most powerful and highly developed tribe in what is now eastern North Carolina ( p. 1140). southern band of Tuscarora under Chief Hancock, Blount was acceeded by LUMBEE. The battle lasted ten days, and 1,400 Tuscarora were killed and 1,000 were enslaved. that Casiah used as a nickname in one generation was adopted by the next Today the Tuscarora work in farming, small businesses, factories, and professional occupations. Also in 1701, Nathaniel Batts entered the region to trade, bringing with him metal pots, steel traps, knives, metal axes, guns, and, soon thereafter, liquor. Then the It is built of wood with a wooden floor and contains two fireplaces toward the center with a space between them. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. WILLIAM TAYLOR who was on a list of "chieftains of the Tuscarora Indians" that The tribes now refer to themselves as the Haudenosaunee (people of the longhouse) or Six Nations. helped to form the confederacy. Mitchell, and all Aboriginal peoples, had Aboriginal rights to bring goods from the United States into Canada.
One of the first Europeans to make contact with the Tuscarora was John Lawson, who was hired in 1701 by the king of England to explore the interior of what was then called Carolina. WebThe original five nations of the Iroquois were, theoretically, separated into eight clans or original families of kindreds, who are distinguished respectively by the clans of the wolf, bear, turtle, deer, beaver, falcon, crane and the plover. WebTuscarora Nation of North Carolina has four (4) clans which are the Bear, Wolf, Turtle and Beaver *Note the two very different uses of the terms Southern and Northern. It is a rite of spiritual cleansing and physical purging. Marriage was forbidden between members of a clan. The Great Law was given to Hiawatha by the prophet Peacemaker, and together they
They consider all aspects of life as being religious in nature. which. Visitors to Raleigh should start their explorations with a trip to the Capital Area Visitor Center, which provides fr, Zebulon Vance (1830-1894) . had any Indian blood that I know of, and I spent 20 years researching in this In the middle of the seventeenth century, the Tuscarora and northern Virginian settlers started a fur trade. of the Skarure word "Rahsuta'?kye" - Rah-soot-Ock-yeh - which literally The court records show this aspect as well. [emailprotected] Sept-1999, The Wyanoke spent 4 winters there without paying tribute, The Tuscarora clearly wanted to be separated from the Lumbee and began to study the Siouan history of North Carolina more closely. Unfortunenantly the settlers refused to give the Tuscarora their lands The Tuscarora often them to Bertie County and shows that some members of the famiy migrated Archeological evidence places Haudenosaunee in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. deep desire to know and hours and hours, even years, to prove. The Haudenosaunee, or people of the longhouse, commonly referred to as Iroquois or Six Nations, are members of
Women enter from the western door, and men enter from the eastern door. Only their Angliziced names remain, New York: Cambridge University Press. For the most part, the Bertie County villages were under the leadership of Chief Tom Blunt (between the Roanoke and Pamlico Rivers) and were friendly to the colonists. why do Colonial Records show whites owning land in these areas? In 1885 the state gave the Indians the name Croatan, and two years later it established the Croatan Indian Normal School (today the University of North Carolina at Pembroke). mention of his Aunt, who had also intermarried with an English colonist. Indian-related affairs. and the Tribal members signing off on it.. Then go to the VA records Negro ancestry.Shared by Neil Baker. This worked well to the colonist's advantage. This system ensures that a child is born with an identity. Blount" taking their name. and liked. With the coming of the fur trade in the 16th century, the Haudenosaunee embarked on successful campaigns to subjugate or disperse neighbouring groups. A question mark represents a glottal stop, the To the native peoples one's spiritual life should be so closely connected to one's daily routine that there is no separation between daily activities and spiritual affairs. One example is the interpretation of the Jay Treaty of 1794. Tuscarora attacked the Wyanoke running them off their lands. Indian either. Population losses owing to both disease and
As a daughter of a "King" Learn about animals. kinds of investigations". Puppet show in the Seneca Language. A history book of the Tuscarora 1717 - Many Tuscarora Indians left North Carolina to join the Five (Iroquois) Nations in New York. Encyclopedia of North Carolina (University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, NC 2006). the tracking of NA lands over a period of years, learning where these tribes In fact, late in life my father had a series of strokes and for a time However, the 1868 North Carolina constitution restored their land rights. Tuscarora is pronounced tuh-skuh-roar-uh. It comes from result of a liason and not a marriage and that is acceptable. Genealogy is a very personal thing. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. The early census It is done for many reasons, too vast The clan is the basic unit of social organization among the Iroquois; with the women holding primary responsibility for the function of the The two main community institutions were the church and the school. Many of the North Carolina Tuscarora joined the caravan and were present at the BIA takeover. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. As winter approached, the Tuscarora migrated to camping spots where they built houses close to each other with pits for small fires to stay warm. The major river in Robeson County, the Lumber River (originally Drowning Creek), flows northwest to southeast, feeding into various swamps, including the Big Marsh, Big Raft, Richland, Burnt, and Back swamps. Have seen statistics to the effect that on the whole, African-Americans are genetically 70% African, 30% other. years.
This educational video is geared toward elementary age students and features puppet characters Cu'ye and Suheh. Their name comes from the native term skaru:re, which means "the People of the Shirt" or "the Hemp Gatherers." In the Midwinter Ceremony, also known as the stirring of ashes, the fire in the longhouse is allowed to go out. Clan, as do the Bertie Co. Tuscarora. is always happy to work with you on your genealogy questions. Tuscarora Nation Picnic Fireball Game July 14, 2012. (This is a start on village names. The seven clans of the Tuscarora are the Bear, Turtle, Wolf, Beaver, Sand Turtle (or Eel), Deer, and Snipe. Among the Haudenosaunee are groups of people who come together as families called clans. I have been to the cave or dugout "Christianized". where they discuss the boundary lines between VA and NC. Additionally, the 2011 National Household Survey lists 720 Cayuga speakers and 235 Oneida speakers. In 1732 Henry Berry and James Lowrie received land grants from King George II of England on Lowrie/Back Swamp, east of the Lumber River. The Tuscarora tribe was a member of the Iroquois Confederacy, or Kanonsionni (league of clans), along with the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida and Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Many Haudenosaunee people still follow traditional systems and will thus identify themselves by their clan and nation, and look to the chiefs, and the Clan Mothers who chose them, for guidance. Oftentimes, tribe members used the bloodroot plant to dye their hair a deep red color to add to remain different from other neighboring tribes. Commercial Activities. being presented with a claim for unpaid duty, the case was presented to the Federal Court, which held that according to Section 35 of the Constitution Act,
accent mark after a vowel means the voice lifts. John Johnson (Johnston) settled in Bertie and established a large Tuscarora. Northeast Indians. The Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk nations all came together to form the Iroquois Confederacy sometime between the 12th and 15th centuries CE. Tuscarora is part of the Iroquoian linguistic family group, which also includes Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. We preserved the tradition of the Casiah family being Deer Shoskohar:wane WebThe Tuscarora Nation Territory comprises a tract of 6,429 acres located within western New York State. In 1701 John Lawson, Surveyor General, identified 15 major Tuscarora towns living along the waterways throughout North Carolina. Female members lived together with their husbands (who belonged to other matrilineages) in a single longhouse; a village would contain anywhere from a few small longhouses to as many as 50. Kinship Terminology. The villages were organized into a type of plantation system. publicized. Pocahontas. The Haudenosaunee use the metaphor of the longhouse to describe their political alliance, and its spirit of togetherness also applies to social and cultural life, mirroring the use of the Great Law of Peace as both a political
The Tuscarora Reservation (Nyuirh in Tuscarora) is an Indian reservation in Niagara County, New York. The population was 1,152 at the 2010 census. The longhouse also has a symbolic meaning that the people should take with them the teachings of the longhouse wherever they go. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. to even fathom. points to a father named or nicknamed Casiah born abt 1700-1710. In addition, baby wasps, picked from their combs, were popular candy snacks for all tribe members, especially the young Tuscarora. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement. In 2005, Six Nations enumerated total band membership as 22,294, with 11,297 living in the community. Learn the Tuscarora names of all 9 clans in the Iroquois Confederacy. A standoff developed, and Brooks was arrested for incitement to riot. N. B. Hewitt: Materials for the Study of the Tuscarora Language and Culture. I am now studying the language, and The Tuscarora are a Native American Indian Tribe. They attacked and massacred over two hundred Swiss colonists who had settled on Tuscarora land between the Neuse River and Pamlico Sound. An East Carolina University professor is working on this subject. 'ock' to represents the glottal stop in the During the Civil War, Henry Berry Lowrie became a folk hero as he and his gang raided plantations in the region until his disappearance in 1872. Gwa'yoh Story
But it might be worthwhile for anyone whose mother's mother's mother is in a line alleged to have NA ancestry. by federal census takers as free persons of color, mulattos, On 26 May 1961, a meeting was called to adopt "Barbarous" as a tribal name and to organize all the tribes of eastern North Carolina, which would be known as the Barbarous Indians. Views expressed on the individual websites hosted here are those of the administrator of each individual website. .rwFooter { Continued implementation of assimilative policies by the government of Canada eroded the cultural and political base of the Haudenosaunee throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, but opposition and activism has maintained strong cultural and political
Demography. In the 1930s a group of Indians from Robeson County voiced their opposition to the name Croatan. L.H. the Indian thought the newcomer wanted to know the Skarure word for river Following the example of her father, she had embraced Christianity at an Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Originally the Southern Tribes referred to those tribes south of Pamlico; the Northern Tribes were those between the Roanoke and Pamlico Rivers. Many of them took Christian surnames that were common around the area of the reservation, such as Locklear, Jacobs, Oxendine, Chavis, Maynor, Lowrie, and Cumbo. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Tuscarora_%28tribe%29, (accessed April 7, 2012). so long as the sun doth shine. The languages of the Haudenosaunee are part of the Iroquoian language family and were linguistically related to the languages of neighbouring nations in the Great Lakes area
(1980). ADJ. are not primary sources but are nevertheless essential to these Except for the Oneida, who fought for the American cause, the Haudenosaunee supported the Loyalists and British in the American Revolution,
Woman's Liber in this country. she was regarded as Royalty and accepted by the Queen herself. They arrived at this by consulting
Unfortunately in this format I cannot reproduce the fonts used for Skurare. When families begin to go deeper into their genealogies and the migrations of their families, they discovered that many of them could trace their lineages back to the traditional homelands of the Tuscarora. Do You Prefer to be Called Native American or Indian? Originally a confederacy of five nations inhabiting the northern part of New York state, the Haudenosaunee consisted of the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga and lists in 1814. Bertie County North Carolina Deed Book G page 299 WebThe Tuscarora were constituted of at least eight clans, which primitively were organized into phratries. clear: both; The Tuscarora are one of the original Six Nations of the Iroquois. *Note the two very different uses of the terms Southern and Northern.
for whom I was his Estate executor. Sevier, John clan and nation, with each of the five founding members of the confederacy represented by a delegation of eight to 14 members. Estimates vary widely as
The "secret" here is that MOST of these intermarriages involved the NA being People born into the same clan are considered relatives and are forbidden to marry one another. as a Free Person of Color. In 1835 the North Carolina state constitutional convention was called on to address the question of disenfranchisement for persons of color (this term was applied to anyone who was not white, including Indians). The Tuscaroras consider themselves to be a sovereign nation, independent of the United States and the State of New York. 1687, 1693 and 1696. Bertie. bought 700 acres of land, and raised a large family on them. The southern clans accused the northern clans of overshadowing their existence and presuming to speak for the entire tribe. Despite official neutrality, the Mohawk, under the influence of Sir William Johnson,
where he and others hid out to avoid conscription. Not I sound heard in English between the two syllables in the word uh-oh. were and when and more importantly, learning their history. such as the Huron-Wendat, Petun and Neutral and to more distant communities including the Cherokee and Tuscarora. friend and neighbor Blount - and was baptized with that english name. Note: Tuscaroras.com is not affiliated with or approved or endorsed by the Tuscarora Nation of New York. William Rhodes' works are copyrighted, and recently republished. Rudes, Blair A. Marriage. Those young men wanted to draw attention to the drug and murder problems in Robeson County, including thirteen unsolved murders. Marilyn Livingston. 1996 - 2021 Tuscarora and Six Nations Websites. . Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. joining that conflict in 1777. Haudenosaunee communities like Six Nations, Akwesasne (Mohawk) and Kahnawake (Mohawk) outside of Montral are among the largest and most populous reserves in Canada. often must depend on present-day descendants' oral traditions, which The governor ignored the request, and in 1711 war broke out. Although this set in motion the process leading to tribal recognition and sovereignty, it would be decades before that was achieved. Even though the Tuscarora of North Carolina have not been officially adopted into the Six Nations, they take part in their ceremonies. Later the
Colonial-era map of Tuscarora territory. Tuscaroras.com does not have access to tribal records or genealogical information of any kind.
ra'?kwihs (pronounced raw-ock-kwess) means Turtle Clan The Tuscarora nation joined the league after leaving their traditional Would like comparable statistics on the percentage of Native American and African ancestry in "white" (European) Americans. The villages were organized into confederacies and the most prominent included the Upper Town and Lower Town confederacies. Did you know that the Cherokee were also in early Virginia, Not They were convicted and eventually served time in jail. Later on, German explorer John Lederer encountered the tribe in 1670 living on the banks of the Staunton River.
See also related learning resources. did, on occasion, take the field as English allies; and the Seneca at times fought beside French armies, as at the defeat of General Braddock in 1755. Lumberton, NC: Lumbee Publishing Company. In early 1712 Colonel John Barnwell arrived from South Carolina at the head of thirty white militiamen and some Yamasee, Cheraw, and Cherokee warriors. The Tuscarora Wars (1711-1715) were fierce and devastating for the Tuscarora, who fled north to find refuge among the Iroquois Confederacy and south to the marshes of southeastern North Carolina. Those who belong to the Confederacy refer to themselves as Haudenosaunee or Hotinonshonni, which means "People of the Longhouse.". Since there is so much oral history about Native ancestry in the county, it would be interesting to know what genetic evidence can be found to confirm it. There was raiding of Tuscarora villages, kidnapping young men and women and selling them into slavery.
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