semi intensive system of goat management
Either When However, the growth of the offspring should not be affected by the lower milk consumption. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, impacts and disease management options for ovine and caprine paratuberculosis are reviewed, comparing current controls in the extensive management system for sheep in wool flocks in Australia with the semi-intensive system of dairy flocks/herds in Greece. Orskov, E.R.1982. While the women take care of the production and marketing of the dairy products in the local markets, the men take away majority of the herds in search of grazing, leaving the older members of the community with a nucleus of lactating females. In this case, the large ruminants are guided on grazing within a short distance range from their permanent place of abode while the women explored the lactating animals for milk and having it processed into local cheese (wara) and skimmed sour milk (nono) for consumption and local marketing. Commercial Goat Farming. The semi-intensive system of dairy goat farming is a mixture of both intensive and extensive systems. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Loaded 0% Camb. Increased production from sheep and goats can arise from particularly with goats (Economides & Louca, 1981;Morand-Fehr Andrews, R.P.& Orskow, E.R.1979. In the same vein, the health of the animals cannot be forgone as healthiness of the animals is not only a vital for production performance, but survival and sustenance of the livestock venture. The implication of the poor health management of the ruminants, as [36], include reduction in the number of animals kept by them livestock farmers, poor productivity in terms of birth rate, increased cost of production in terms of transporting and treating the sick animals as well as cost of pest and disease control to prevent epidemic outbreak. Females have fatter carcasses, at the same liveweight, than males with castrates Cattle also serve as good means of transportation and animal traction among the livestock farmers in the northern region of the country, whereby the animals are used for land cultivation in preparation for crop cultivation, transportation of farm families to and from the farms and transportation of farm produce between farms and storage points. these improved areas animals may be brought at mating, during late pregnancy and after the age of 3 weeks milk should be offered less than ad libitum. International Symposium, more than 80% taking place during the last 8 weeks of Tech. Prod. Ed; P. Morand-Fehr, A; Bourbouie and M. de Simiane. This prevents diseases from the farm since birds are inspected easily from outside and sick ones are isolated. production of small ruminants. 1981. Geneva. Sundstol, F., Coxworth, E. & Mowat, D.N. The birds are housed in a fixed building but are allowed to move about within a fenced area during the day. (Ed. I.E. Abstr., 30: 6787. 1: The effect of energy intake on milk production of sheep in early lactation, Fig.2: The effect of concentrate intake on milk production in In addition to increased 80 85%, liveweight per lamb sold was increased by 1 2 kg and the number of breeding animals has Sci., 5: 203213. Part Immediate results in increasing efficiency of production The birds must remain in one run not longer than necessary time (six months at a time or shorter, depending on land area). This suggests that the semi-intensive system for goats is much better than extensive system for milk production, the superior milk production of local breeds can . to achieve maximum prolificacy. Make sure goats have access to plenty of fresh water. in the fat content of milk. & Thomas, N. 1981. Bull. Just as the exotic breeds are known to have performed excellently well in their countries of origin under good management practice, results from experimental stations results from stations and universities farms across Africa showed that productivity of the animals could be improved under more intensive management. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. requirements of the animals. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. level of productivity of animals new technologies and 24: 387391. Stall feeding is done when the goats are confined. 1978. (Ed. Wld. d'etudes sur l'alimentation de la Chevre Laitiere. First is intensive management system second is semi-intensive and third system in vogue is extensive management system. Sauvant,1980), NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP AND GOATS. Other houses having slatted or wire floors may require less space per bird. J. Agric. is no doubt, particularly with extensive systems of management, that the (ix) Gates should be strong and the fence should be made with woven wires, barbed wires or chain link. Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. Hardly are the animals provided supplementary feeds and even shelter by their keepers. Common routine measures that can adopted for goat health care and sanitation include:(i) The goat pens and stalls should washed and cleaned daily. embryos to term as viable lambs (Gunn, 1967). Extensive is also known as traditional or conventional management system. Large ruminant management system: unlike the small ruminants, hardly is cattle kept on free range/extensive management system in the country but largely on semi-intensive system. has only a marginal effect on subsequent milk production when We have tried to link all Information & Services together to help you locate them faster. with dual purpose sheep and goats a combination of the suckling technique and Among all the livestock that makes up the farm animals in Nigeria, ruminants, comprising sheep, goats and cattle, constitute the farm animals largely reared by farm families in the countrys agricultural system. Their buildings are made up of wood and are raised above the ground with wire netting on the floor to permit easy dropping of faeces. The veterinary traditional medicine practices may still be of value in the animal health care, but should be subjected to scientific investigation for efficacy. The importance of adequate nitrogen There are three main systems of rearing goat. Dairy Sci., 63: 17011706. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. As a result of this confinement, medication, water, balanced feed in terms of concentrates, forage plants (soilage) as wel1 as a salt licks to provide the necessary minerals and vitamins are provided. Morag, M., Raz, A. If a tractor or extra labor is available, the unit may be a large one taking many birds. As a consequence, there was an increase in the rate of permanence in this environment if compared with the non-shaded pasture. The semi-intensive system is an alternative method of rearing broilers in which the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free access to a pasture area during the day. Tuscon, Azizona, U S.A. pp 105108. & Sauvant, 1974; Economides, 1981) with Feeders and waterers are situated in the run or around the house. This is partly a free-range system of poultry management commonly used by small-scale poultry producers and it is characterized by having one or more pens in which the birds can forage on natural vegetation and insects to supplement feeds supplied to them by the farmer. To effectively achieve this, research in livestock development should go beyond the traditional field visit to animal sheds for physical livestock condition monitoring and data collection. Economides, 1984) and kids (Morand-Fehr regions of Asia, Europe and North America climatic conditions limit systems. Conf. Implementing the intensive sheep farming system via excel spreadsheet. IN: Proc. frequent changes of the diets. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. With this, efficient data and information on farm animals health status, productivity, feeding regime and feed conversion could be readily monitored. Concentration of Nigerias livestock-base in the northern region is most likely to have been influenced by the ecological condition of the region which is characterised by low rainfall duration, lighter sandy soils and longer dry season. Other measures used in reducing the fouling of land include replacing the earth around the home with cement stones or even the wire platform and routine dosing of the bird with dewormers (anthelmintic) and coccidiostat. Br. growth of vegetation in winter and so flocks TICK. On another note, ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of the ruminants, particularly cattle, meant for slaughtering across the major abattoirs in the country further underline the poor state of ruminant, especially cattle, management in the country. can be obtained with improved nutrition and management practices and disease control. Feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency of lambs intensive sheep and goat systems feeding is based on the nutrient requirements Male kids responded linearly to increased protein level in the diet (Louca & Hancock, 1977; Mavrogenis et al.,1979) whereas female response was marginal. 75: 183187. Commercial Goat Farming is defined as goat rearing under intensive and semi-intensive systems for commercial production. Social scientists inclusion in livestock research development is crucial as this disciplines helps to ascertain the psychology of the ruminant keepers and their economic status to adopt and adapt generated livestock innovation. Anim. This accounted for preference of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management. However, the which may support 37 to 45 goats per acre. Gunn, R.G. Given the distinct nature of the ruminants stomach, the farm animals heavily depend on forage or raoughage as major feeds. 1983. Raising sheep intensively. 42: 289302. It is true Owen, J.B.1976. Depending upon the design of a unit, the birds have reasonable protection against predators and thieves. Fold units themselves are very expensive to purchase. The commonly adopted extensive and semi-intensive management systems for the farm animals may however make it difficult for the livestock farmers to consciously and conscientiously prevent the incidence of pest and disease infestation on their animals. Nutrient Requirements an inventory of existing feed resources in Tethering 2. 59, Agr. It is considered one of the best breeds in intensive or semi-intensive systems in the Middle East with its high prolificacy and high milk production. I.E.Coop). production in general, and on sheep and goat production in particular. Cereal straw is an important identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). Economically the animals serve as source of income earning to major ruminants dealers- sellers of live animals and butchers/meat sellers; generates employments and creates markets for larger number of people who explore the animals product and by-products for economic gains. It was further indicated that these local breeds of goat usually weighs between 18kg and 37kg. In the semi-intensive systems usually there is integration of animal and crop production. mating period) (Owen, 1976; Gunn & Doney, 1975). A document repository where all types of the documents of the organization can be searched and located in the shortest possible time. acidosis, remenitis, pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia and copper poisoning. dressing percentage and chemical fat content were increased by fattening in the feedlot (E.S.E. and goat production can be divided into the following categories: Finewool production from sheep and goats as the main Goat Production and Disease. Licensee IntechOpen. With the changing ecological condition of the southern Nigeria and its conduciveness to cattle survival, the animal have become common in the region, though with the Fulani and Hausa tribes that have chosen to settle in the southern region with their herds of cattle. In addition to this is need for better development of better grazing system and management practices in the countrys livestock sector. In Crop It involves extensive rearing but usually with controlled grazing with fenced pasture land. after weaning of female lambs or kids intended for replacements A level of modification is however applied to the semi-intensive management for cattle. Penning, P.D., Cottrell, K.M. A.Z. 2010 Maurice Mahieu. response, however, to improved the period between one reproductive cycle and the next, has a high (20.1 MJME/day) levels of energy, but a low level of energy (11.3MJME/ Livest. The ante-mortem inspection of cattle to be slaughtered at a major abattoir in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, between 1990 and 1994 showed that between 2.4% and 6.3% of the slaughtered cattle were pregnant (Dipeolu (2010). The meat goat industry is getting bigger in Spain, evolving to more intensive farming systems. The option of settled lifestyle of the Fualani pastoralists in the southern region of Nigeria was largely informed by a number of changes in the ecological condition of the region. Kiflewahid, G.R. This study was conducted to assess the economic benefit of goats managed under different feeding systems. Animals under this system of management may however become destructive, feeding on whatever eatables that might come their ways, including live crops, during the dry season when pastures must have dried out. Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. That can be constructed from non-expensive locally available materials and must be strong especially since the corners and handles for these parts bear the stress of frequent shifting. Andrews, R.P.& Orskov, E.R.1970. Pests and diseases control: in terms of control of livestock diseases, the livestock farmers hardly take up veterinary treatment of the affected animal(s), especially the small ruminant farmers, as they considered the veterinary treatment as too expensive to bear (Fabusoro, Lawal-Adebowale & Akinloye, 2007; Oluwafemi, 2009). Res. Malechek, J.C.& Provenexa, F.D. conditions of Scotland lambing percentage has been increased from 60 65% to Potts, R.M. 1618, October, 1984. (Papachristoforou et al., 1982). It does not store any personal data. (iii) Dead animals should be buried. Gaili, The larger proportion of these animals population are however largely concentrated in the northern region of the country than the southern region. 80100%. developing countries (semiarid, arid and tropics) or Tuscon Arizona, U.S.A. Peart, J.N.1967. In order to optimise the potentials of the fodder bank, combine sowing of series of legumes and grains are manipulated by, for instance, cropping sorghum with Stylosanthes spp. Having in mind what feeds are available and what is the present as early as lambs and suffered a greater check in growth at weaning are moved to lowlands; in summer flocks are moved to highlands where feed is The kids could not be weaned 1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975; performance of extensively (H.F.R.O.,1979) or intensively managed The indicated prices are based on personal market survey between February and March 2012 and off the festival periods. of sheep and goats is advanced by good feeding (Owen, 1976) and the energy GOAT REARING. in late pregnancy becuase of the building up of body reserves and Good system of management of the resulting breeds/offspring from the crosses in terms of intensive keeping, good health care and feeding, is however crucial to better performance of the animals. Anim. Mexico (Martinez-Parra et al., 1981) and This may not unconnected with the social and economic value of the large ruminant, as the loss of a cattle, either in death or getting misplaced, is at great cost to the herder(s) and as such, the animals are jealously guided for survival, productivity and profitability. However, a taint of varying intensity was present in the meat of intact goats but not in Production characteristics of surveyed cattle in the Kaduna plain of Nigeria, entails an average of 45.9 head, out of which 64.4% were females; 60months (5years) as first age of calving, 25months (about 2years) of calving intervals and calving percentage of 48%. In general, farm animals are poorly managed in Nigerias agricultural system owing to the fact that the animals are mostly managed on free range/extensive system and semi-intensive system. Tech. apparent that sheep and goat fattening must be based on diets of high energy concentration and adequate in protein. Institute, reduced during the period from 2 weeks to 3 months (vi) Bedding materials could be straw, wood shavings, etc. The market value of the ruminants not only creates employment and generates income for those that directly owned the animals, but indirectly for the butchers, foragers and government. Mostly the herders practice this system for goat raising. 429432. However, the milk (vi) Rotational grazing should be practised to avoid parasites bi up(vii) The environment ought to be c at all times.Common diseases of goat are anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis rinderpest, red water fever, etc. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Body Given the volume and nature of excreta produce by cattle, the large ruminant have served as valuable source for manure for soil fertility and development of organic agriculture. Based on this, forages, either fresh or dry, are sought from the foragers for feeding the commercially-oriented farm animals. management 30 years ago. Sci. In the semi-arid and arid regions land use is seasonal and movement of the animals is It requires very little care as no good housing, feeding and health care are provided. International, Tours, France. IN :Proc. Tech. Sachdeva, K.K., Sengar, O.P.S., Singh, S.N. 213218. The economic In order to sustain the animals and ensure better productivity, there is need to explore the available natural pasture for silage and hay making such that the animals could be adequately fed during the dry season. While the sheep and goats are highly prized for cultural heritage in the southwest Nigeria, cattle is of much significance among the Hausa/Fulani in the northern region. are required, respectively. IntechOpen Limited P. Morand-Fehr, Conf. The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of pasture and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal the availability of pasture. Forage on the on the other hand hardly become available during the dry season for consumption of the ruminant; and coupled with the declining grazing land as a result of the ever increasing land cultivation for arable crop production, alternative feed sources for the animals becomes essential. important factor determining milk production in intensive systems, Ommission of one daily milking caused a 22% reduction in the milk yield of Chios sheep compared with 1% in Damascus goats greater effect on ovulation rate and barrenness than Leng & Ball, unpublished). The level of feed Then, these systems involve varying types of goat rearing. & Sauvant, 1979). early lactation (Peart, 1967);similarly pre-partum energy You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This is further compounded by less utilisation of hay and silage for the animals. Birds kept in the enclosed compartment of the fold unit easily develop vices like cannibalism. sheep (Orskov, 1982) and of Indian breeds of goats (Sachdeva et al., 1973). Flamant, J.C.& In the mountanious generally low, mainly because of underfeeding, poor management and disease (Devendra, 1979, 1980). During the first 15 weeks of pregnancy energy requirements increase by 15%, providing Papachristoforou, C, Roushias, Characteristics analysis of sheep in the country, especially among the Fulani pastoralists showed that ewes had approximately 120% fertility rate, 12% rate of twinning and 25% lamb mortality rate at 3months old. Veterinary services: pests and diseases portend a major risk to livestock development in Nigeria, as incidence of pests and diseases are common in the countrys livestock system. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Common pests and diseases of ruminants in Nigeria: management of ruminants in the Nigerias agricultural system is equally characterised by poor health management. 16051630. And to a lesser extent, the animals indirectly generate income for the Nigerian Government through licensing of abattoirs and taxation on every slaughtered animal at the registered abattoirs. They depreciate easily or quickly if they are folded in land used for grazing. 1984; Wld. on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. Extensive system of feeding 3. As a matter of fact, [30] maintenance and sustenance of healthiness of farm animals constitutes a major challenge to efficient livestock production among the Nigerian livestock entrepreneurs. IN: Proc. The breeds of goats in Nigeria are largely indigenous; and the common ones [19] include the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat, Sahel/desert goat- known as West African Long-Legged goat; and Sokoto Red/Maradi. urea solution (Hadjipanayiotu, 1982; 18:293299. fibre and the utilization of poor roughages than sheep findings have not been fully tested or adopted The Similarly, documentation of particular livestock pedigree, characterisation of breeds of farm animals and simulation of the animals characteristics and production performance could be enhanced for effective management and transformational development of the livestock sector. However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. Nat. During late pregnancy better nutrition is given to Flevohof. 1977. & Lindahl, I.L.1973. contamination) and diet supplementation with Semi-intensive system: Rearing of goats under semi-intensive condition is widely practiced by marginal poor farmers. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". subsistence Ruminants, is believed to have been highly influenced by its relatively low cost of feeding the animals. Agric. of grazing. & Owen, J.B.1973. late pregnancy increased with increasing kidding percentage as indicated from Similarly, the social scientist, especially the economists, will help to ascertain the economic implications of the innovations and the market driving force for ensuring efficient production and marketing of livestock and its products. Sci. . 12pp. The performance of & Doney, J.M. Egan, A.F. Assam Livestock and Poultry Corporation Ltd. National Project on Bovine Breeding (NPBB), Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH&DC), Statement of Immovable & Movable Property Return, Jamuna Valley Dugdha Utpadak Samabai Samity, Nagaon. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? It may be of a simple design but completely roofed to give protection from adverse weather so that the whole unit serves as run by day and shelter by night. The amount of space allocated for each bird depends on the size of the flock. Sexual maturity With Damascus goats machine milking reduced milk yield by 710% while the fat content of milk was not affected. of the animals and the nutritive value of feeds with the formulation of a ration which meets the daily Goat is a hollow horned small ruminant also belonging to the family Bovidea of the genus capra. Elsevier Scientific The fold unit must be removed at the beginning of the day so that the birds are not scared when they begin their daily activities. It does not involve expensive equipment which can be constructed by the average man at a low cost and without difficulties. What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive management system? From 3 months of age to 45 kg liveweight 2012 The Author(s). Gunn, R.G. Sci. OR it may have a run-in closed by a wire mesh with covered sleeping compartments at one end. (Louca et al., 1982). 1972. pp 90104. 1st Floor, Ebenezer House, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda. Hadjipanayiotou, M., Louca, A. Camb., 7,75: stimulates oestrus activity within the normal breeding season, ovulation rate, fertilization and survival of ova and Semi-intensive (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage).
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