importance of school health records
All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21]. Academic performance records, such as grades and report cards, provide insight about. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. After removal of 705 articles with definitely ineligible titles/abstracts, 445 full text articles were screened using the ranked inclusion/exclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. In addition to SRs that did not meet these inclusion criteria, SRs were excluded if the review was superseded by a newer version. Funding issues. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex C. Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex D. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: methodology, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex E. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: evidence summaries, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex F. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence-to-decision table, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex G. Survey of expert opinion on school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources, Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health & Ageing. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. Excluded full text articles and reasons for exclusion. WHO reports densities of less than one physician per 1000 population in 76 countries and less than three nurses or midwives per 1000 population in 87 countries [50]. Schroeder and colleagues found that school nurses are well positioned to deliver nutritional counseling, design and coordinate physical activity interventions, and educate parents, students, and staff on health, nutrition, and fitness [26]. More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. National Association of School Nurses. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. However, it is difficult to formulate an overarching answer about the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents due to the heterogeneity of SRs found and the evident gaps in the SR literature. Characteristics of included systematic reviews. PLoS ONE 14(6): This systematic review of systematic reviews, henceforth referred to as an overview, will inform the upcoming development of a WHO guideline that addresses the school health services component of health-promoting schools and feeds into the FRESH framework. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. While this overview found significant gaps in the evidence for certain health areas, this does not necessarily mean that relevant high quality primary trials have not been conducted. Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Similarly, some states require portions of the Healthy School Report Card to be completed. not in schools), an active control, or a waitlist control; (d) interventions aimed to improve one or more health outcomes, as defined by the SR authors; and (e) study designs were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies (QEs), or other non-randomized intervention studies. CDC twenty four seven. In this overview, SRs with at least 50% of included studies fulfilling all criteria were included after extensive discussion between the authors and experts in the field. The mismatch in the SR literature identified by this overview demonstrates that more research must be done before an answer to this question can be determined. It is difficult to determine overall effectiveness of school health services from this overview because the included SRs do not sufficiently cover the health areas most relevant for children and adolescents. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). Saving Lives, Protecting People, School Health Index: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. One reviewer (JL) assessed all SRs and a second (KK) duplicated appraisal of 10%, with 94% agreement and only minor disagreements that did not impact grades of confidence. Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. of school health services globally: CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. Among those approaches, pairing children with health services occupies an important place. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. These reasons for exclusion applied to 183 and 126 SRs, respectively. School health services (SHS), as defined in thisguideline, are services provided by a health workerto students enrolled in primary or secondaryeducation, either within school premises or in ahealth service situated outside the school. PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Meta-analysis results indicated a statistically significant effect on the before-after change in caries prevalence [25]. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. Five databases were searched through June 2018. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. A SR and meta-analysis by Bastounis and colleagues on the educational and preventative Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) and its derivatives found small, non-significant effect sizes for the prevalence of both depression and anxiety, favoring the intervention in the former and the control in the latter [19]. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. Although the overall degree of overlap between all SRs within this overview was slight, the overlap between just these five SRs targeting mood disorders was high (CCA = 11). Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. Excluded full text articles. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 20 included SRs. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. . Any of these three school health assessments will be helpful in data-driven decision making and action planning. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Depending on the content and approach of the school health assessment, there might be ways to use data gathered from any of these tools to create a generalized view of school health systems, programs, and services in a state, district, school, or community. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18]. Higgins and OSullivan assessed the FRIENDS for Life program, a manual-based cognitive behavioral anxiety prevention program comprised of ten sessions with developmentally-tailored programs for different age groups [32]. (2019). [8] Yeager, P. E. (2016). This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. Amongthose approaches, pairing children with healthservices occupies an important place. This was never required as consensus was always reached. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . This decision was made because of the vast numbers of reviews available and the increased rigor associated with the term systematic. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. 1100 Wayne Ave, Suite #925 Silver Spring, MD 20910-5669, 2023 NASN | Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement | LiveChat. We would like to thank Tomas Allen for his guidance and support in designing the search strategy. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. An important consideration in overviews is the degree of overlap, or the use of the same primary study in multiple included SRs. While various guidance documents have been published by United Nations (UN) organizations addressing a range of services from oral health to malaria [37], there is no internationally accepted guideline regarding school health services. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. The use of an assessment and action planning process provides a coordinated framework for school improvement and wellness efforts. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. Assessments of music [23] and art therapy [33] in two SRs reported weak evidence of effectiveness. Walter and colleagues found that family asthma educational programs for children and their parents or caregivers improved quality of life for both caregivers and children, and decreased asthma exacerbations for children [37]. In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. Instead, the authors determined which of the 16 items on the checklist were critical for this overview and which of the items were non-critical. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. It's especially important to keep IEP and 504 plan records. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services.
Italian Funeral Prayers,
Disadvantages Of Animal Studies In Psychology,
Articles I